How Tenskwatawa Has A Negative View Toward The American...

Tenskwatawa is a prophet among the Indians who claims to have died and ascended above whereby he received a vision from his creator who seems to be angered with their acts of abandoning their culture and their ways of life to engulf the white man’s way of life, hence wants to bring a punishment to them. From his creator, he has been told to remind the people of the way they were given resources by their creator and never begged for anything. He, therefore, brings a message of warning and reminding on the consequences awaiting them if they will not retrieve their ways of life. He, therefore, tells them, unless they change their ways they will be punished. Tenskwatawa has a negative view towards the American culture. This is distinctly seen in the manner he is talking about the American and French commodities that they used to batter trade long time ago. He says that they used to exchange their fur for the blankets and wools, their guns and iron for the steal, axes and needle for beads and mirrors, however, in his final statement we see him regretting a lot for having done that since it was a sign of foolishness. He goes forward to say that he has discovered that the things of the white men have corrupted his community, and made them needful and weak at the same time. He views the American culture to be a curse in their community which has wasted the time of women by looking at the mirror; the culture has also made the people forget the ways in which they looked for food hence

The Cause And Effects Of The World War II - 1291 Words

An Pham Mr. Grosse World History Research Paper February 10, 2017 The Cause and Effects of the World War II The world has changed since that day, September 1, 1939, with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, the start of World War 2. There were many fluctuations in economic terms as well as the politics of some powerful countries in the world also started from there. This is a catastrophic world war between the Allied forces and the Axis under fascism. Although this war just lasted in 6 years, from 1939 until 1945, but almost every continents in the world are affected by this war, except Antarctica and South America, and the population of the world decreased significantly. There are many causes of the World War 2 to be outlined and†¦show more content†¦The war ended, but its effects are large. Of the total number of deaths in World War 2, approximately 85 percent were on the Allied side and 15 percent were on the Axis side. There was also an estimated 11 to 17 millions civilians died either as a direct or as an indirect result of Nazi ideological policies. In Asia and the Pacific, more than ten millions civilians, mostly Chinese were killed by the Japanese occupation forces. About The Soviet Union, they lost around 27 millions people during war, 5.7 millions people are ethic Russians and 1.3 million ethic Ukrainians died. In Germany, there were 5.3 million military losses. To resume, the population of the world decreased a lot after the war. There were 60 million people died in the war, they are twenty millions military personnels and forty millions civilians. The World War 2 had affected a lot on the economic of the major world powers. About Germany, it was divided into 4 zones of occupation by the victorious powers, pending a more permanent political settlement. Japan also was in ruins from extensive bombing. Prominent military leaders were tried and convicted of war crimes, but the emperor was allowed to retain his position. It was temporarily placed under American military rule. The economy of England was devastated by the war by having experienced extensive bombing during the 1940 blitz by the Germans. TheShow MoreRelatedCauses And Effects Of World War II1370 Words   |  6 PagesCauses and Effects of World War II World War II has been considered one of the worst things to ever occur in history. Violence, death and aggression took place in the 1930s and 1940s in certain European nations. German leader, Hitler played an important, yet a very big role during this time. With the rise and domination of fascism in Germany and Italy, the goal was to maintain peace, established by the Treaty of Versailles ended up in major disaster. 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During the war there were a lot of patriotic songs, as well as songs about militaryRead MoreSlaughterhouse Five Are Obvious And Piercing As One1139 Words   |  5 PagesVonnegut’s anti-war novel, Slaughterhouse Five, illustrates the ghastly experiences within World War II and the journey through the universe and time of the main character, Billy Pilgrim. Although war is a sensitive subject in most cases, Vonnegut’s sarcastic, dark humor on the matter helps bring light to the fact that war is horrendous. Slaughterhouse Five demonstrates the reality of war throughout its major themes, historical accuracy, and Kurt Vonnegut’s personal experiences within World War II that shines

Comparing the Escape Theme in Raise the Red Lanter Essay Example For Students

Comparing the Escape Theme in Raise the Red Lanter Essay n, Handmaids Tale, and Dolls House comparison compare contrast essaysRaise the Red Lantern, The Handmaids Tale, A Dolls House:Freedom Through Escape Women have suffered as the result of harassment and discrimination for centuries. Today, women are able to directly confront their persecutors through the news media as well as the legal system. Three important literary works illustrate that it has not always been possible for women to strike back. In Raise the Red Lantern, The Handmaids Tale, and A Dolls House, the main female characters find ways to escape their situations rather than directly confronting the problem. Songlian, the main character in the foreign film Raise the Red Lantern, finds unusual ways of dealing with her oppression. For example, Songlian often takes her stress out on her maid, Yaner. Whenever Songlian feels the need to relieve her tension, she screams at Yaner. Songlians treatment towards her maid results in a bitter rivalry between the two and ultimately leads to the death of Yaner. Instead of expressing herself publicly, Songlian chooses to keep her emotions bottled up or take them out on Yaner. Another example of this concept occurs when Songlian becomes intoxicated. Due to her unfortunate situation, Songlian chooses to drink an enormous amount of alcohol on her birthday. In her mind, she feels that she has nothing to look forward to in life. So Songlian escapes real life by drinking. This is yet another example of Songlians feeble attempt to escape her troubles. Furthermore, Songlians outlook on life becomes so bleak that she literally goes insane. Since she witnessed the death of the third mistress, she confirms her fear that there is no escaping her situation. Thus, she drives herself crazy. Therefore, we can see that Songlian uses techniques to try and escape her fate. The next work, entitled A Dolls House, deals with Nora, the main character, struggling to achieve happiness in life. While Nora lives with her husband, Torvald, she p retends to be happy and satisfied with life, but in reality, Nora lacks purpose in her life. For eight years, she never discusses her situation with Torvald because she does not want to face the truth about herself. Nora feels obligated to live her life as a caring mother and an obedient wife. Also, Nora pretends to be happy for a reason. Whether she knows it or not, Nora tries to be the ideal wife and mother by letting herself be governed by the laws of society. Because she decides to settle for what she has, her life is pointless. Noras first step towards achieving happiness occurs when she leaves her husband and kids in search of a better life. Although Noras life is not yet fulfilled, she is on her way attaining a better one. Lastly, Offred from The Handmaids Tale uses different tactics to cope with her situation. Offred, the main character of the novel, is trapped within a distopian society comprised of a community riddled by despair. Though she is not physically tortured, the overwhelming and ridiculously powerful government mentally enslaves her. First off, Offred reminisces about the way life used to be by remembering stories about Luke, her husband, Moira, her best friend, and her daughter. As mentioned earlier, Offred lives in a horrific society that prevents her from being freed. Essentially, the government enslaves Offred because shes a female, and shes fertile. Remembering stories of the past provide her with temporary relief from her binding situation. Also, Offred befriends the Commanders aide, Nick. Offred longs to be loved by her husband, and she feels that she can find that love by being with Nick. Offred risks her life several times just to be with Nick. Feeling loved by Nick gives Offred a window of hope in her otherwise dismal life. Finally, instead of proclaiming her feelings out loud, she suppresses her feelings. The result is a series of recordings that depict her life and the things she wishes she could change. Through these examples, it is apparent that Offred cannot face her problems because of outside circumstances. Works such as Raise the Red Lantern, The Handmaids Tale, and A Dolls House deal with females being unable to face their problems. A plethora of authors have written on this subject matter. Though some problems are unavoidable, one can overcome certain situations by being more assertive. Along with male domination and the laws of society, women have had to contend with other challenging and oppressing situations. Yet despite this, women in modern society are becoming more powerful. 1. Underline titles of novels, plays and films. 2. Using direct quotes strengthens your paper. It may be hard to use quotes from a movie but from the novel and the play you there are several quotes that could be used to support your arguments. 3. Your thesis states that all three characters escape from their situations instead of dealing with them. How does Offred escape from her situation? This point could be developed more. .uf25e2e41a8680600e59e8bb483026ef7 , .uf25e2e41a8680600e59e8bb483026ef7 .postImageUrl , .uf25e2e41a8680600e59e8bb483026ef7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf25e2e41a8680600e59e8bb483026ef7 , .uf25e2e41a8680600e59e8bb483026ef7:hover , .uf25e2e41a8680600e59e8bb483026ef7:visited , .uf25e2e41a8680600e59e8bb483026ef7:active { border:0!important; } .uf25e2e41a8680600e59e8bb483026ef7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf25e2e41a8680600e59e8bb483026ef7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf25e2e41a8680600e59e8bb483026ef7:active , .uf25e2e41a8680600e59e8bb483026ef7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf25e2e41a8680600e59e8bb483026ef7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf25e2e41a8680600e59e8bb483026ef7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf25e2e41a8680600e59e8bb483026ef7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf25e2e41a8680600e59e8bb483026ef7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf25e2e41a8680600e59e8bb483026ef7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf25e2e41a8680600e59e8bb483026ef7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf25e2e41a8680600e59e8bb483026ef7 .uf25e2e41a8680600e59e8bb483026ef7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf25e2e41a8680600e59e8bb483026ef7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Devil in Massachusetts by Marion Starkey Essay

Radio Frequency Identification RFID Tags †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Radio Frequency Identification RFID Tags. Answer: Introduction: The most adopted technology that is widely used is the RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology that is used for tracking goods and objects in logistics and supply chain applications. The RFID technology has two devices in the system. One part is an interrogator or a reader which has interrogation and energization function (Ariff, Ismarani and Shamsuddin 2014). The second part is a transponder or a tag which is attached to the objects and transmits the data back to the reader. The tag of RFID also has two parts: a RFID chip and antenna. This report mainly consists of two RFID systems of UHF (Ultra High Frequency) and SHF (Super High Frequency). UHF tags of RFID do not have power source which is on board instead of using antenna for harvesting energy from RF reader field and to activate the circuitry (Bagirathi and Sankar 2017). Passive tags of UHF do not transfer new power instead of reflecting back to reader the continuous wave that is received by changing the impedance of the antenna. The antenna tag should be very efficient and should be matched properly to chip so that the harvested power is maximized and also achieve a range up to 10 meters (Bashir et al. 2017). Active tags mainly have SHF frequencies ranging between 433 MHz to 915 MHz. Environmental considerations, tag selection and user preference mainly dictates which application uses which frequency. Generally RFID systems which operate on 433 MHz are favored by companies because of its long wavelength. The long wave lengths enables to work better with water and metal. In this digitization era, the use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is fast growing because it has many advantages with comparison to Auto-IDs. As discussed above, the system of RFID has two parts known as tag and the reader (Bibi et al. 2017). The main function of the RFID system is to retrieve all the information automatically with the help of reader which is stored in the tag previously. There are also some limitations of using RFID tag as the tags have single antenna which is used for backscattering and receiving (Chambe et al. 2014). The chip that is present in the tag changes the impedance between the complex values and short circuit value which modulates the signal that is back scatterer according to which the information is stored inside the chip alternatively. The antenna does not receive any kind of power from reader during short circuit (Dakir et al. 2017). For this reason, the efficiency of energy absorption continues to drop significantly. Two impedance short circuit and the conjugate matched in the short circuit phase, the status will not provide maximum difference in impedance in backscattered signals that results in read the signals in shorter range. This problem of RFID has also been mitigated. The process of short circuit is mitigated by implementing dual structure of antenna. In a single RFID chip, a dual antenna structure is incorporated (Donno, Catarinucci and Tarricone 2014). With the incorporation of dual antenna, all the signals are utilized for backscattering and receiving the operations separately. In many of the antennas of RFID tags, UHF (Ultra High Frequency) and SHF (Super High Frequency) bands are proposed (Ding et al. 2014). In some of the systems, convectional antennas that are single are used and others uses dual a ntenna. The Rationale The most significant advantage of Radio Frequency Identification using UHF and SHF is that they can uses dual structure of antenna which allows the signal to read data from far away. There are mainly two types of UHF; active UHF and passive UHF. Passive UHF can read data across rooms also. The active and passive tags which are battery assisted can read the data in the tags across buildings and also in environment which has difficult Radio Frequency (Fernndez-Carams et al. 2016). The amount of data that a RFID tag stores is 100 times more than the data that are stored in barcodes. This allows to keep more data tracks that is needed in inventory which includes lot number, serial number, details of manufacturer, user, location of production, vendor, date of expiration and many more details of the product that is needed. In this report, there is an elaborated study about the use of Ultra High Frequency and Super High Frequency in Radio Frequency Identification applications. There are many advantage and disadvantages of using RFID in any applications (Huber et al. 2014). Those strength and drawbacks are elaborately described in this report. There are certain limitations of using UTF and STF in RFID applications which are researched in this report. Some case studies are mentioned as an example of UTF and STF to have details about the topic. Some recommendation as well as conclusion about using UTF and STF is studied in this report. Scope and Limitation Scope: The systems of barcode are mainly used for keeping the information of the product, cost, inventory control and many more. But these systems have some drawbacks when compared with RFID (Itoh and Machida 2014). The barcode stores very less amount of data as compared with RFID. Approximately 1000 bytes data can be stored in Radio Frequency Identification tags. The RFID tags using UTF and STF are mainly specific to each of the items, but barcodes are not specific. For handling the barcode system, human interaction is needed. Barcode needs access of time of sight to optical scanner for information that is product related (Jeon et al. 2017). If the information that is stored in the barcode is to be modified, then the whole barcode is to be replaced which is not the case using RFID. The data can be modified in the supply chain in RFID by an interaction between reader and microchip. The system of barcode is not accurate as RFID. To use RFID in most of the systems enables easy handling of the system and the scope of storing data is also high. Limitation: As there is great potential in the system of RFID in local sector, there are also some limitations of using RFID tag. The main drawback is the cost of the RFID tag. When compared to other sector in the logistics group, the cost of RFID tag is much higher than other systems such as barcode system. The leaders of industrial sector are mainly concerned about the investment return and also the net profit by making more investment of the extra cost in the system (Kamalvand, Pandey and Meshram 2016). The amount of volume that is used in the system is depended on cost. The lowest cost that is available is low as 7.2 cents and 10 million in volume and units respectively. The RFID tag is about 30 to 40 cents for smaller volume whereas the cost of a barcode is about 4cents. There is also limitation on the privacy and security of RFID system for the unauthorized readers. The customer privacy faces a great challenge (Kibria, Islam and Yatim 2013). Attackers can trace the tags easily that are used in RFID systems. There is an ID serial number in the RFID systems using tags and also broadcasts an EPC (Electronic Product Code) to all the nearby readers. For this, there is a higher chance of violations regarding the privacy. Another limitation comes from the technology. There are many systems that use radio signals for their transmission (Kuhn et al. 2016). As the RFID system is based on the radio frequency, other radio signals of different systems can change the signals. The interference degree mainly depends on the frequency of tag and the environment that is used on. There is also a lack of standardization in using the RFID tags. The Radio Frequency Identification is in its first stage and needs much improvement to go ahead. The Radio Frequency Identification has many versions which operate on different frequencies. They also need different types of readers and software (Laheurte et al. 2014). To lessen the limitation, there should be a fixed amount of frequency so that there remains a interoperability in between the distributors, retailers and manufacturers. System Implementation and Types There are several applications that use RFID with UHF and SHF. This case study presents a single sided RFID tag with dual band antenna. This tag covers frequencies of 915 MHz to 2450 MHz at the UHF (Upper High Frequency) and SHF (Super High Frequency) bands respectively. The tag antenna that is proposed in this case study has single sided structure of antenna with the ground plane (Lai, Xie and Cen 2013). The antenna that is proposed can also be used with some metallic objects without degradation in performance that is opposite to conventional tag antenna. The tag antenna that is described has a structure of dual antenna both at Upper High Frequency and also at Super High Frequency for convectional signal. There are two antennas that are independent (Marani and Perri 2015). One is used for backscattering and the other is used for receiving. The antenna 2 which is the backscattering antenna mainly enhances the reading range. The antenna with 2450 MHz acts as a single conventional ante nna for receiving signals and antenna 2 is used for backscattering operation. The antenna 2 is not utilized at 2450 MHz. The receiving antenna is in an F-shape slot and inverted L-shaped rectangular patch. The backscattering antenna is made with line structure that is of meandered type. Proper optimization can be done with the dual behavior band structure with the F-shaped and the L-shaped slots (Marques, Egels and Pannier 2016). RCS (Radar Cross Section) is used to evaluate the performance, read range and gain of the antenna. The design concept of the antenna with measured and simulated results are mainly discussed in this case study. The simulations that are used in the antenna are performed using the FEM (Finite Element Method) that is mainly based on HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) of Ansys. The antenna has a dual structure with tag IC that has three terminals that is shown in Figure 1. The IC of convectional tag has two terminals that have structure of single antenna shown in Figure 2. The terminals in tag of the structure are named as common ground, RF1 and RF2. The signal terminals RF1 is used for receiving antenna and the RF2 signal is used for backscattering antenna (Meyer, Dao and Geck 2014). Ground terminal is a common terminal that is used for connecting both terminals to other terminals. The prototype that is fabricated and geometry for the dual band antenna that uses UHF and SHF and the antenna of convectional signal are illustrated in Figure 4. The antenna is fabricated with a low cost substrate with FR4 dielectric constant 4.4 and has thickness of about 1.6 mm and loss tangent of tan d 5 0.018. The antenna of Radio Frequency Identification that is proposed is mainly designed for tag chip of Impinj Monza Gen2 that has input impedance with 33-j112 X at 915 MHz and also 50 X at 2450 MHz. The antenna-1 which is used for receiving signals has two back to back L-shaped slits that are inverted with loaded antenna of the dual band (Meyer et al. 2017). After the optimization is done, the shape of antenna and slits parameters that has SHF and UHF bands are received with 915 and 2480 MHz. The SHF band has a tune of 2450 MHz. A slit of inverted L-shaped can be added to right side of the antenna to make the slit F-shaped. The electrical length of the patches increases due to t his and there is a decrease of resonance frequency. The antenna-1 which is used for receiving has inverted L-shaped slit and F-shaped slits that are loaded with rectangular patches that are evolved. The backscattering terminal has a line structure that is meandered. Both the terminals of the antenna are usually connected with the tag chip via a cylindrical structure. The actual size of the antenna is mainly 70 mm x 80 mm. Antenna-1 for receiving signal is mainly designed in a way that has input impedance is 915 MHz and 2450 MHz. This is a complex conjugate tag chip so that there is a maximum power in the antenna. The two designs of frequencies are mainly achieved by adjusting the width and length of the slot parameters in the antenna-1 (Mi and Takahashi 2016). For backscattering purpose of 915 MHz, antenna-2 is utilized so that maximum impedance is achieved which helps in making the reading range maximum. The impedance is achieved by making a difference between the short circuit and the open circuit of the operations in the tag of Radio Frequency Identification. Case study for UHF antenna: A business operator E.V. Bishoff is the owner of historic buildings in the business world. The parking facility of those buildings was not good. Bishoff wanted to have a solution that would help them to manage the parking procedure of property and also wanted to eliminate all unauthorized vehicles that were using their parking lot. The customers of their company wanted a secure parking in their offices and also wanted to have a controlled access on parking their vehicles (Radvnyi et al. 2015). He also wanted to have a controlling access for some specific customers on particular days and time. The customers want to keep track and also monitor who is coming in and going out from the parking lot. To solve this problem, a RFID barrier was provided by GAO RFID. They also provided UHF passive readers and tags. The parking barrier 410004 along with UHF Reader 216003, tags of UHF windshield of log range 116014 and a software known as LocateWare software of GAO was installed in the parking area. This enabled the visitors and tenants so that they may enter the parking area and has a secure parking without rolling the car windows or taking others help (Ramzan, Rehman and Perwaiz 2017). The parking area becomes restricted using RFID readers and tags of long range. The customers are able to enjoy a parking system that is web based and Bishoff was able to supervise the full system centrally and administer them accordingly. Case study for SHF antenna: For SHF (Super High Frequency) Band, an analysis of point to point is developed. The SHF is mainly developed to evaluate links between ship to air and ship to ship. The link model of SHF is used to evaluate a communication link. It also determines the margin of the system. After defining the transmitter subsystem by the user, the link margin is determined. It also determines the subsystem of the receiver, performance of the system at a specified level and also propagation channel. The propagation channel also incorporates the EREPS (Engineer's Refractive Effects Prediction System) and evaporation duct is affected. The analysis model of SHF (Super high Frequency) supports the budget analysis of ship to air and ship to ship links in the communication system. The analysis of link budget and the power budget is fundamental to system design to any of the communication link. The analysis of link budget or the power budget is fundamental to all system design in any communication link. The design stage has entries of tentative data that are used to establish the link feasibility. As the planning matures, the data that are tentative become link requirement (Saadi, Touhami and Yagoub 2016). There are many applications with the use of UHF and SHF in Radio Frequency Identification. They can be used in big operators of logistics in Walmart, making the toll payments without any interruption and for accessing parking of cars. The Upper High Frequency tags in RFID costs less than HF and LF. The tags of UHF have fast readable speed which helps to identify objects very fast. The range of UHF is also good when compared to other radio frequencies. The UHF mainly covers a range of approximately ten meters with band between 860 to 956 MHz.: The tags of SHF identify objects faster than any other frequencies in Radio Frequency Identification. These tags can be read from different rooms and even sometimes from different buildings with high frequency. The microwave signals of SHF of RFID can penetrate objects that are non-conducting and also has the facility to bury the tag. The disadvantage of UHF tags is the tags have more complications in RF transmission. The disadvantages of Super High Frequency are: The super High Frequency systems are more costly than the lower frequency systems. The SHF objects does not work well with objects that are in water or through water (Srinivasulu et al. 2017). The energy of the microwave is absorbed by the water. The SHF also does not work well with materials that conduct electricity like metals between the reader and the tag. When compared with SHF, UHF signals are shorter in length. The Upper High Frequency is around 12 inches to 24 inches. The antenna length is also reduced and the radio range is also reduced in UHF. There can be interference in anything from human body to buildings with the help of UHF. The interference and the dropouts are more likely but have greater occupation of bandwidth (Tabakh et al. 2016). There may be wide range of frequency and also wide range of other audio signals. Waves that are electromagnetic have a frequency range of 30 MHz to 300MHz and come in the range of Super High Frequency. The Supper High Frequency wave comes in between High Frequency (HF) and Upper High Frequency (UHF) bands. Mainly the television and the FM radio are broadcast with the help of SHF. The range of SHF when broadcast for television and FM radio usually has a range of 88MHz to 108 MHz. The SHF band is usually used for communication in terrestrial and in line of sight that is when the transmitter is seen receiving from antenna without any problem (Varadhan et al. 2013). Whereas on the other hand, the range of Upper High Frequency is about 3000MHz in the electromagnetic spectrum of wave. The UHF signals are also known as a decimeter range because the wavelength of UHF lies in between 1 to 10 decimeters. The UHF band lies between HF and VHF bands in the spectrum band. The Upper High Frequency is applied on mobile networks that are 3G with arrange of 900MHz to 1800MHz. The highest frequency in the Upper High Frequency is used in mobile networks. The UHF band use high frequency than the SHF. The SHF band is much narrower as compared to UFH band. The frequency range of SHF band is 270 MHz whereas the frequency range of UHF is 2700 MHz. The bandwidths of UHF have greater bandwidths which carry more information when compared with SHF (Vinay et al. 2018). The waves of UHF are much affected by noise or attenuation as compared to SHF. The UHF can travel much longer distance than the SHF band. The size of the antenna of UHF is smaller as compared to SHF as their wavelength is much smaller as compared to the Super High Frequency. Results of Research The main aim of standardization authorities and standards that are issued is mainly or ensure the interoperability of the equipments and also are convenience for the users. This also helps to reduce the final cost of products by the standardization process and also works against the protectionism use, licences, patents, proprietary solutions and many more. This is applicable to the products that are widely used which include consumable labels that eventually become contactless. There are certain numbers of benefits that arise from the contactless smart cards. The new innovative idea of applying the technology of contactless in these particular products is very attractive (Wang and Takahashi 2017). As the predecessors cover smart cards that are contactless, there are certain goals to manage the item in RFID. The standards of goals in Radio Frequency identification are: the tag that is used in the RFID system should be readable by all base stations that is according to the standards an d protocols of the RFID systems. All the tags should be read by the base station that should be maintained according to all standards. The merit of using these standards is that it provides a clear picture. There are certain providers and users of standards. The standards of the consumers that are mainly used by the users of the open loop systems on the electronic labels. These standards are mainly found in labeling and in SCM (Supply Chain Management) markets (Marani and Perri 2015). The demand for the standardization usually reflects a necessity of RFID system for the markets as compared barcode standards. These standards are accepted worldwide for all devices that are available for the RFID system. There are some procedures for the exchange of data in more than one RFID devices that is mainly air based, signal processing and there must be some protocols that are compiled with the devices so that they can ensure the correct operations and understand all the messages which are exchanged. There are ISO standards for the RFID technology. The ISO standards for the RFID devices have some general standards which mainly describes the OSI layers that is the physical layer and the data link layer of the OSI structure (Kuhn et al. 2016). The standards of RFID structure are ISO 15693, 14443, 18000-x family and many more. The logic data that are present in the memory fields mainly refers the lower layer or the air interface of the organization. Conclusion This report consists of a case study that explains the dual sided RFID antenna with a tag operating on Upper High Frequency and Super High Frequency which can be used on any substances even metals. The antennas that are proposed in this report show a structure of dual antenna with Upper High Frequency and a single antenna that is conventional with Super High Frequency Band. There is a use of dual antenna at a frequency of 915 MHz which increases the RCS of the device. This results in increasing the reading range of the tag and the reader. The antenna that is proposed in this system has a maximum of reading range of about 5m at a frequency of 915 MHz and 6m at a frequency of 2450 MHz. The simulated and the measured results are agreed with input impedance of antenna at a frequency of 915 MHz to 2450MHz. Recommendations As stated in this report that there are many ways to configure and implement the system of Radio Frequency identification so that they can support a wider range of applications and also support a variety of applications. The systems of RFID support all the business processes that are highly customized because all the systems are automated and after implementation, all systems work in one size fit. The organizations follow some rules and regulations to use the RFID system in their organization. All the standards and protocols are recommended to follow by the organizations. The security practices are recommended to follow to mitigate all the risk factors that arise in an organization. References Ariff, M.H., Ismarani, I. and Shamsuddin, N., 2014, August. Design and development of UHF RFID reader antenna for livestock monitoring. InControl and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC), 2014 IEEE 5th(pp. 125-129). IEEE. Bagirathi, S. and Sankar, S., 2017. HYBRID ZIGBEE RFID FOR DETECTION OF ACTIVE TAGS AND ENERGY MINIMIZATION.Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology,95(3), p.506. Bashir, U., Jha, K.R., Mishra, G., Singh, G. and Sharma, S.K., 2017. Octahedron-Shaped Linearly Polarized Antenna for Multistandard Services Including RFID and IoT.IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,65(7), pp.3364-3373. Bibi, F., Guillaume, C., Gontard, N. and Sorli, B., 2017. A review: RFID technology having sensing aptitudes for food industry and their contribution to tracking and monitoring of food products.Trends in Food Science Technology. Chambe, P., Canova, B., Balabanian, A., Pele, M. and Coeur, N., 2014. Optimization of Energy Harvesting Systems for RFID Applications.World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Computer, Electrical, Automation, Control and Information Engineering,8(7), pp.1147-1150. Dakir, R., Zbitou, J., Mouhsen, A., Tribak, A., Latrach, M. and Sanchez, A.M., 2017. A New Compact and Miniaturized GCPW-fed Slotted Rectangular antenna for Wideband UHF FIRD Applications.International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE),7(2), pp.767-774. De Donno, D., Catarinucci, L. and Tarricone, L., 2014. A battery-assisted sensor-enhanced RFID tag enabling heterogeneous wireless sensor networks.IEEE Sensors Journal,14(4), pp.1048-1055. Ding, X., Liu, S., Zhang, K. and Wu, Q., 2014, July. A broadband anti-metal RFID tag with AMC ground. InAntennas and Propagation (APCAP), 2014 3rd Asia-Pacific Conference on(pp. 647-649). IEEE. Fernndez-Carams, T.M., Fraga-Lamas, P., Surez-Albela, M. and Castedo, L., 2016. Reverse Engineering and Security Evaluation of Commercial Tags for RFID-Based IoT Applications.Sensors,17(1), p.28. Huber, T., Bergmair, B., Vogler, C., Bruckner, F., Breth, L., Hetaba, W., Hrkac, G. and Sss, D., 2014. Ultra-low-cost RFID based on soft magnetic ribbons.IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,50(10), pp.1-5. Itoh, M. and Machida, K.I., 2014. Electromagnetic wave absorption on resin composite including ferrite particles with concentration gradient.Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan,122(1421), pp.49-53. Jeon, D., Kim, M.S., Ryu, S.J., Lee, D.H. and Kim, J.K., 2017. Fully Printed Chipless RFID Tags Using Dipole Array Structures with Enhanced Reading Ranges.Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering And Science,17(3), pp.159-164. Kamalvand, P., Pandey, G.K. and Meshram, M.K., 2016. RFID tag antenna for ultra and super high frequency band applications.International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer?Aided Engineering,26(7), pp.640-650. Kibria, S., Islam, M.T. and Yatim, B., 2013. Compact dual band RFID reader antenna designed using ramped convergence particle swarm optimization.Przeglad Elektrotechniczny,89(4), pp.199-201. Kuhn, P., Schmidt, P., Meyer, F., vom Boegel, G. and Grabmaier, A., 2016, July. Comparison of energy harvesting via modulation schemes for passive sensor RFID. InSmart SysTech 2016; European Conference on Smart Objects, Systems and Technologies; Proceedings of(pp. 1-6). VDE. Laheurte, J.M., Ripoll, C., Paret, D. and Loussert, C., 2014.UHF RFID technologies for identification and traceability. John Wiley Sons. Lai, X.Z., Xie, Z.M. and Cen, X.L., 2013. Design of dual circularly polarized antenna with high isolation for RFID application.Progress In Electromagnetics Research,139, pp.25-39. Marani, R. and Perri, A.G., 2015. RFID Technology for Biomedical Applications: State of Art and Future Developments.i-Manager's Journal on Electronics Engineering,6(2), p.1. Marques, D., Egels, M. and Pannier, P., 2016. Folded ring slot antenna reader for UHF RFID applications using artificial magnetic conductor structure.Microwave and Optical Technology Letters,58(12), pp.2790-2794. Meyer, J., Dao, Q.H. and Geck, B., 2014. 24 GHz rfid communication system for product lifecycle applications.Procedia Technology,15, pp.369-375. Meyer, S., Meyer, F., Adrat, M., vom Boegel, G. and Grabmaier, A., 2017, June. Optimization of opposing phased looked loop parameters in UHF RFID systems. InSmart SysTech 2017; European Conference on Smart Objects, Systems and Technologies; Proceedings of(pp. 1-7). VDE. Mi, J. and Takahashi, Y., 2016. An Design of HF-Band RFID System with Multiple Readers and Passive Tags for Indoor Mobile Robot Self-Localization.Sensors,16(8), p.1200. Radvnyi, T., Bir, C., Kirly, S., Szigetvry, P. and Takcs, P., 2015. Survey of attacking and defending in the RFID system. InAnnales Mathematicae et Informaticae(Vol. 44, pp. 151-164). Ramzan, A., Rehman, S. and Perwaiz, A., 2017, April. RFID technology: Beyond cash-based methods in vending machine. InControl and Robotics Engineering (ICCRE), 2017 2nd International Conference on(pp. 189-193). IEEE. Saadi, H., Touhami, R. and Yagoub, M.C.E., 2016, November. Automatic identification and data capture techniques by radio frequency identification RFID tags applied to reader authentication. InCommunication, Management and Information Technology: International Conference on Communciation, Management and Information Technology (ICCMIT 2016, Cosenza, Italy, 26-29 April 2016)(p. 227). CRC Press. Srinivasulu, A., Sravanthi, G., Sarada, M. and Pal, D., 2017. FinFET-based Miller encoder for UHF and SHF RFID application.International Journal of Electronics, pp.1-12. Tabakh, I., Jorio, M., El Idrissi, N.E.A. and Mazri, T., 2016. Design and Optimization of a New Slotted Patch Antenna for RFID Applications.International Journal on Communications Antenna and Propagation (IRECAP),6(1), pp.33-38. Varadhan, C., Pakkathillam, J.K., Kanagasabai, M., Sivasamy, R., Natarajan, R. and Palaniswamy, S.K., 2013. Triband antenna structures for RFID systems deploying fractal geometry.IEEE antennas and wireless propagation letters,12, pp.437-440. Vinay, K.P., Ramesh, B., Prasad, L.B. and Reddy, D.R.K., 2018. Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna for RFID Reader Applications. InProceedings of 2nd International Conference on Micro-Electronics, Electromagnetics and Telecommunications(pp. 529-536). Springer, Singapore. Wang, J. and Takahashi, Y., 2017. SLAM Method Based on Independent Particle Filters for Landmark Mapping and Localization for Mobile Robot Based on HF-band RFID System.Journal of Intelligent Robotic Systems, pp.1-21.

Cybernetic model

Introduction The term cybernetic describes the recent advancements in information science and the consideration of how the systems work. Cybernetic describes a complex type of information broadcast and the operations associated with the modern computers. The cybernetic models have advanced beyond the simpler models in a variety of ways. They are somewhat more complex and they identify a larger number of variables as compared to the simpler models (Mullen Johnson, 1990).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cybernetic model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More How leaders could function in a more cybernetic fashion According to Morrill (2010), a cybernetic leadership is compared to a self regulatory system that routinely regulates the activities it manages (p. 33). Burnbaum uses a thermostat to demonstrate the working of a cybernetic system. Burnbaum explains that the thermostat maintains room temperature by auto matically adjusting its heating system. When this idea translates to organizational leadership, it can be noted that each area of the administration employs a set of what might be termed as regulators in order to control its operations. For example in a case where one of the departments overspends, purchase of more products may be limited until necessary adjustments are done to correct the imbalance. If an admissions office fails to hit its annual enrollment target for students, there might be automatic adjustments to allow more transfers. The cybernetic model promotes independence of the various units within an organization. Adopting the cybernetic fashion would mean that leaders would be able to operate more independently and this would be advantageous in the sense that the imperfect operation of one unit would have minimal impact con the organization has whole (Morrill, 2010). How would the various players in shared governance act differently, if they were behaving in a cyberneti c fashion? Cybernetic design would create an environment in which the discrete organizational units have a proportionate amount of influence. The leaders manage the units as separate cognitive frames elicited by control mechanisms that balance their operations. The integration of a cybernetic fashion would create a form of leadership that only responds to indicators of operational difficulties but with limited capacity to implement new possibilities that could inspire other leaders to take a new direction in response to change. The leaders develop a cognitive insight and wise counsel regarding administrative techniques rather than the leadership process (Morrill, 2010). What are the benefits of moving toward a more cybernetic model? The cybernetic model tends to build on the collective behavior of a set of organizational units and the interaction between the unsophisticated entities. It recognizes that intricate group behavior does not need a function of complex individual behavior. Smith (2004) explains that the cybernetic fashion functions most efficiently with an open systems methodology.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It promotes two-way communication between the organization and its internal as well as external environment, hence facilitates the organizational efforts toward attaining its objectives (p. 243). The approaches adopted by the units are constantly adjusted according to the feedbacks obtained from the public. Another significant benefit of moving towards a more cybernetic model is that it has simpler techniques of controlling and harmonizing internal organizational processes in a more systemic design with respect to delivering particular systemic goals. The cybernetic fashion also simplifies the assessment and examination of the components of a given system or organizational units and makes it easier for individuals and leader s to understand how the entire system operates (Smith, 2004). What are the positive and negative aspects of working more cybernetically? Cybernetic systems make use of computers and sophisticated technological approaches that constantly provide new techniques of computation and information processing. The systems contain a vibrant proportion of intelligence. For example telephone networks, radar systems, programmable disks and communication systems, all reveal the potential to process information and execute particular commands. They utilize self regulating methods that work within predefined limits to perform predefined tasks (Smith, 2004). Another positive aspect is that the cybernetic operation enables establishment of various profitable relationships between units. The various components are able to work as a single unit. The collectivity provides a good platform for creativity and supportive explorations which facilitate developments and enhance organizational capabilities. It also provides a secure base for the emergence and development of constructive ideas that help in handling circumstances from different angles. On the other hand, a typical cybernetic system has three essential elements which include the sensor, comparator and an activator. The sensor is charged with the task of sensing the factors about the environment such as the internal state of the components. The comparator uses the feedback from the sensor determines whether there is a need for change. The activator then responds by activating the change if there is a need. The operation of these three elements may sometimes take longer than expected to realize certain objectives. Negative feedbacks may lead to adaptive behavior and there may be an attempt to sustain the same conditions. Another negative aspect is that the technological progress that accompanies the cybernetic system may be so demanding on the individuals and workers within an organization. It may create an increased demand fo r the managers. For example, apart from the normal managerial activities of the manager, the manager may be expected to type, receive and send emails which may lead to considerable deterioration of the services offered (Morril, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cybernetic model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Morrill, R.L. (2010). Strategic leadership: Integrating strategy and leadership in colleges and universities. Maryland: Rowman Littlefield. pp.32-48. Mullen, B., Johnson, C. (1990). The psychology of consumer behavior. London: Routledge. pp.6-20. Smith, R.D. (2004). Strategic planning for public relations applied psychology series (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp.241-310. This research paper on Cybernetic model was written and submitted by user Kiara Prince to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Under Age Drinking

Everyone knows that it is illegal to consume alcohol until the age of 21. Many people are In agreement with this legal restriction. Some would even say that it needs to be raised. Why is 21 the "magical" age that makes one intelligent and mature enough to consume alcohol? Surely, some adults abuse alcohol and some teenagers would be perfectly able to drink responsibly. Many have asked the question, should the drinking age be lowered from age twenty-one to age eighteen. The national drinking age for men and woman should remain at age twenty-one. Before 1982 there was no national conformity in the laws dealing with alcohol consumption legal age. Each state had different laws and regulations set on the drinking age. In the mid-1980's this changed. "The drinking age was set by federal law in the mid-1980's mostly because of pressure from Mothers against Drunk Driving (MADD)" (Dogan 1). This gave conformity throughout the nation with a national drinking law.! Today there are many arguments put forth to justify attempts to lower the drinking age. One of the most prevalent arguments for the drinking age heard is, "if were old enough to be sent to war and die we are old enough to drink alcohol" (Heffernan 1). This argument has an underlined fallacy. When an eighteen-year-old youth is drafted into the military he is subjected to many months of rigorous training and preparation for his duties as a solider. Not only is he intensively trained, he is provided constant leadership. This is exactly the opposite of what happens when a youth reaches the legal age to drink. The youth is not trained or prepared to take on the burden of responsible drinking. Rather than provided leadership he is subjected to peer pressure encouraging him to act irresponsibly. The draft age and drinking age argument does not provide a convincing basis for a change in the law. A second argument often heard supporting a reduction in lowerin... Free Essays on Under Age Drinking Free Essays on Under Age Drinking Everyone knows that it is illegal to consume alcohol until the age of 21. Many people are In agreement with this legal restriction. Some would even say that it needs to be raised. Why is 21 the "magical" age that makes one intelligent and mature enough to consume alcohol? Surely, some adults abuse alcohol and some teenagers would be perfectly able to drink responsibly. Many have asked the question, should the drinking age be lowered from age twenty-one to age eighteen. The national drinking age for men and woman should remain at age twenty-one. Before 1982 there was no national conformity in the laws dealing with alcohol consumption legal age. Each state had different laws and regulations set on the drinking age. In the mid-1980's this changed. "The drinking age was set by federal law in the mid-1980's mostly because of pressure from Mothers against Drunk Driving (MADD)" (Dogan 1). This gave conformity throughout the nation with a national drinking law.! Today there are many arguments put forth to justify attempts to lower the drinking age. One of the most prevalent arguments for the drinking age heard is, "if were old enough to be sent to war and die we are old enough to drink alcohol" (Heffernan 1). This argument has an underlined fallacy. When an eighteen-year-old youth is drafted into the military he is subjected to many months of rigorous training and preparation for his duties as a solider. Not only is he intensively trained, he is provided constant leadership. This is exactly the opposite of what happens when a youth reaches the legal age to drink. The youth is not trained or prepared to take on the burden of responsible drinking. Rather than provided leadership he is subjected to peer pressure encouraging him to act irresponsibly. The draft age and drinking age argument does not provide a convincing basis for a change in the law. A second argument often heard supporting a reduction in lowerin...

Information Systems Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Information Systems Management - Essay Example Originally BS 7799 had the status of a Code of Practice. However, in April 1999, it became a formal two part standard. Part 1 (the original Code of Practice)  of the revised BS7799 standard was re-titled "Code of Practice for Information Security Management" and provides guidance on best practices in information security management.   Part 2, titled "Specification for Information Security Management Systems", forms the standard against which an organisations own security management systems were to be assessed and certified. In 1993 UK-DTI in collaboration of a number of UK based companies introduced the ISM Code of Practice incorporating the best information security practices in use like the computer data, written spoken or microfiche. The primary goal of the Code of Practice was to provide a common basis for organisations to develop, implement and measure effective information security management practice. Also the aim was to provide confidence in inter-organisational dealings i.e registry/ registrar interactions. In 1999, when the COP was fragmented in two parts BS7799 Part 1 which is now ISO/IEC 17799: 2000 incorporates good security practice with 127 security guidelines which can be drilled over to provide 600 other controls. While the BS 7799 Part 2 is a framework for the ISMS, a means by which senior management monitor can control their security, minimize the risks and ensure compliance. Then the third part BS 7799 Part 3 was published in the year 2005 covering risk analysis and management. 5) Physical and Environmental Security physical aspects of security including protection of equipment and information from physical harm, as well as physical control of access to information and equipment To be effective it should be clearly supported by senior management. Specific policies and procedures within the Information Security Management System (ISMS) must be consistent

Personal Statement of Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Statement of Ethics - Essay Example When I was a child, my concept of ethics has been confined in being good and right to the people within my small circle. However, as I grew older and exposed to the realities of this world, I begin to learn that ethics is more than just pleasing the people which are around me. I realize that in order to maintain my integrity and credibility as an individual, I should be able to establish my own ethical standards backed by what I believe to be morally excellent. As I go about making my own stand, I learn that upholding my ethical beliefs is a struggle where I need to battle with the conflicting ideologies of the people around me. I begin to understand that what my parents taught me are quite shallow compared to what I learn with my various experiences yet they provide a good foundation of how to decide whether something is acceptable or not. My definition of ethics goes beyond what is socially acceptable as right. Looking at the current world situation, it now appears that our society have tolerated and absorbed previously unethical behaviors and added them into our value system. For instance, I strongly assert that gay marriage is not ethically because it destroys the original purpose of a woman's creation that is, to be the completeness of a man.

Marketing Plan Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Plan - Coursework Example The country is however besieged by rising unemployment. UK witnessed five days of social unrest and riots in August of 2011which resulted in loss of reputation and goodwill for the country (Internet Business News 2011). The rate of change of technology impacts the UK automobile sector considerably. All players in the industry have to keep abreast of the latest technologies and incorporate them in the subsequent models of automobiles. The growth of internet has provided the automobile industry a new sales and communication channel. At the same time, it has provided the consumer an extremely powerful tool to compare and contrast not only the prices of automobiles, but also their specifications and features. The UK government initiated a ‘scrappage incentive scheme’, wherein a car buyer was given  £1,000 trade-in incentive for replacing a 10 year old vehicle with a new, more efficient car. This scheme helped boost sales, but of smaller vehicles and not the likes of BMW (Reed 2009). The government is also giving incentives to buyers to opt for alternative-fuel vehicles (AFVs). Under enormous pressure to go ‘green’, the automobile manufacturers have not only rolled out AFVs but have also invested heavily in enhancing productivity through modular design, flexible manufacturing technology and highly skilled shop floor workforces. The UK automobile industry is extremely competitive with automobile manufacturers from Europe, Japan, China, India and the United States operating in the country. Being a mature market, the rate of growth of UK automobile sector is very low. All major automobile brands are available in the UK market. The car industry thrives on brand loyalty which is to the advantage of existing players. Other potential entry barriers include high investments and long gestation period. The automobile industry requires raw materials and parts of varied kinds. Over the last few years, the

Research on the aims and purposes of counselling

Research on the aims and purposes of counselling Counselling is an interactive learning process contracted between the counsellor and the client. The overall aim is to provide the client with the opportunity to work in self defined ways, towards living in more satisfying and resourceful ways as individuals and as members of the broader society [Hough 1998]. Clients need to feel safe and secure for them to explore and develop an insight to their issues and concerns. For the clients to explore and resolve their issues with the counsellor a strong therapeutic alliance based on trust, empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard needs to be established. The counselling environment needs to be comfortable and well suited to a range of client types so that the client can feel safe. Making a therapeutic contract, setting goals and targets, discussing confidentiality issues can help the client feel safe. This essay will discuss the aims purposes of counselling in some detail, followed by the importance and benefits of a safe counselling environment for the client in his or her exploration. Some limitations of the counsellor will be discussed and finally, referral issues will be considered. The European Association for counselling [in Hough 1998] defines counselling and its aims and purposes in the following way: Counselling is an interactive learning process contracted between the counsellor and the client, be they individuals, families, groups or institutions, which approach in a holistic way, social, cultural economic and / or emotional issues. Counselling may be concerned with addressing and resolving specific problems, making decisions, coping with crisis, improving relationships, developmental issues, promoting and developing personal awareness, working with feelings, thoughts, perceptions and internal or external conflict. The overall aim is to provide clients with the opportunities to work in self defined ways, towards living in more satisfying and resourceful ways as individuals and as members of the broader society Further detailed aims and purposes of counselling as defined by McLeod [2003] are: Insight, relating with others, self awareness, self acceptance, self actualization, enlightenment, problem solving, psychological education, acquisition of social skills, cognitive and systematic change, empowerment, restitution, Generativity and social action. Insight refers the acquisition of an understanding of the origins and development of emotional difficulties, leading to an increased capacity to take rational control over feelings and actions. Relating with others means becoming better able to form and maintain meaningful and satisfying relationships with other people: for example, within the family or workplace. Self-awareness allows a person to be more aware of thoughts and feelings that had been blocked off or denied, or developing a more accurate sense of how self is perceived by others. Self-acceptance is important for the development of a positive attitude towards self, marked by an ability to acknowledge areas of experience that had been the subject of self-criticism and rejection. Self-actualization or individuation, a core impetus of the person centred theory allows the client to move in the direction of fulfilling potential or achieving an integration of previously conflicting parts of self Enlightenment is helpful in assi sting the client to arrive at a higher state of spiritual awakening. Problem-solving implies finding a solution to a specific problem that the client had not been able to resolve alone. Psychological education will enable the client to acquire ideas and techniques with which to understand and control behaviour. Acquiring social skills is related to learning and mastering social and interpersonal skills such as maintenance of eye contact, turn-taking in conversations, assertiveness or anger control. Cognitive change is also one of the aims of counselling. Cognitive change refers to the modification or replacement of irrational beliefs or maladaptive thought patterns associated with self-destructive behaviour and Behaviour change which is the modification or replacement of maladaptive or self destructive patterns of behaviour [McLeod 2003]. Person centred counselling focuses on the client. In person centred counselling, the counsellor does not direct or in any way manipulate the couns elling it is all about empowering the client to find and choose the best way forward Creating a warm and safe physical environment is an essential stepping-stone to building a strong therapeutic alliance. Paying attention to meeting, greeting and seating are all helpful in helping the client to feel safe. For counselling to be effective, the counsellor needs to work at building a relationship. This is very important especially in the early stages when the client may be feeling vulnerable and insecure, and bearing in mind that it is usual for the client to meet the counsellor on unfamiliar territory for example the counsellors consulting room. Striving to keep the room neutral, in other words free from personal belongings such as books, ornaments and family photographs, is a positive step that counsellors can take to reduce the equality gap [Sutton Stewart 2002]. Sutton Stewart [2002] writes that barriers such as desks should also be avoided, and chairs should be uniform and placed approximately three to four feet apart and slightly at an angle. Being in direct eye contact with the counsellor can leave some clients feeling very uncomfortable or embarrassed. Sutton Stewart [2002] mentions other details of the room for example, a small clock needs to be positioned where the counsellor can glance at it, and attention should be paid to the lighting, and room temperature. A box of tissues placed where the client can easily reach them is a must, and a vase of fresh flowers or a potted plant can add a touch of warmth and colour to the setting, and reflect something of your personality. With the clients permission, the counsellor may tape the sessions and this should be set up ready to use. However, it should be pointed out that emotional barriers are far more potent that physical ones. Even if all the physical surroundings are perfect, the client still might not feel at ease if the counsellor and client are not in rapport. Sutton Stewart [2002] argue that addressing clients by their first name can go a long way towards helping them feel comfortable and accepted. Introducing yourself by your first name can help to break down the barriers of inequality. However, do not assume that because you are feel comfortable being on first name terms that all people are. Ask the client how they want you to address them. The counsellors opening sentence should be empathic and your posture should demonstrate to the client that you are ready to listen: Some clients who seek counselling have been badly let down, hurt or abused by other people, and trust may therefore be a major issue. Trust is something that has to be earned by the counsellor and it can be hard work. However, developing the skills of active listening; accurate, sensitive responding; reflecting feelings; empathy; genuineness; and demonstrating that you are fully present for the client can help to establish a solid foundation of trust. Indeed, the more t he counsellor invests in the relationship, the stronger the trust and bond grows between client and counsellor. Trusting the counsellor will help the client feel safe and will aid him or her in self exploration and insight. Establishing clear boundaries [the ground rules for counselling] is another important stepping stone to building the therapeutic alliance and helping the client feel safe. Boundaries may include agreement over such things such as the duration of counselling, length of counselling sessions, limits of confidentiality, appropriate touching, number and duration of phone calls, sending and responding to emails, or strategies for managing episodes of self-harm or suicidal thoughts. The terms on which counselling is being offered should be made clear to clients before counselling commences; These may be agreed verbally, or they may be set out in a formal written contract between counsellor and client, and signed by both parties. Subsequent revision of these terms should be agreed in advance of any change. Clear contracting enhances, and shows respect for, the clients autonomy [Sutton Stewart 2002]. A contract helps to ensure the professional nature of the relationship and may, in addition to the ground rules already mentioned, include: Venue, fees, frequency of sessions, how counselling will be evaluated, process of referral, if and when necessary, broad details of the counselling relationship, duties and responsibilities of each party, details of the counsellors supervision, goals of counselling, means by which the goals will be achieved, the provision and completion of homework, the setting of boundaries and expectations, the terms of the therapeutic relationship, provision for renegotiation of contract [Sutton Stewart 2002]. It is important to end sessions on time. This helps the client feel safe. When a session is nearing an end, it can be helpful to say something like: We have about 10 minutes left of this session. Perhaps it would be helpful to summarise what we have talked about today. It can often prove beneficial to let your client summarise what has been discussed during the session. Something like, What will you take away with you from today? helps the client to summarise. Your closing sentences need to be clear, and should indicate that its time to end the session [Sutton Stewart 2002]. Just as a safe environment is important for the client to explore and share his or her issues, a strong therapeutic relationship based on trust, empathy and unconditional positive regard is as important. The counsellor must unconditionally accept the clients as whom they are in order for a trusting relationship to establish. Empathy and understanding is shown through careful listening. Egan [1986] explains the importance of empathic listening and says that a helper cannot communicate an understanding of a clients world without getting in touch with that world through empathetic listening. Therefore empathy centres on the kind of attending, observing and listening. Rogers defines empathic listening in the following way: It means entering the private perceptual world of the other and becoming thoroughly at home in it. It involves being sensitive, moment by moment, to the changing felt meanings which flow in this other person, to the fear or rage or tenderness or confusion or whatever he or she is experiencing. It means temporarily living in the others life moving about in it delicately without making judgments [Rogers p142 in Egan 1986 p88]. Limitations to the counsellor Counsellors face limitations in their profession as well as during the therapeutic process. Sometimes, the practitioner may feel a strong urge to help the person, by listening to their story and perhaps trying to help them to come to terms with what has happened. This is a very caring response, but there are times when it may not represent the best course of action. If a person has been assaulted in childhood, the resulting sense of lack of trust, and perhaps self-hatred, may permeate many aspects of the persons life. Talking through all of that may take a long time, may involve strong emotions, and requires a great deal of persistence and consistency on the part of the counsellor. Any practitioner faced with such a situation needs to consider whether they are capable, in terms of the time they can give, and their confidence and competence as a counsellor, to accompany their client on such a journey. Starting on such a journey, and then pulling back, clearly has the potential for hur t. At the same time, ignoring what the client has said about their abuse, for fear of getting in over my head also has the potential for hurt or harm [McLeod 2007]. Another set of issues around counsellor competence arises from what might be described as temporary impairment. For example, a counsellor who has recently experienced the loss of a close family member is unlikely to be much help to someone with a bereavement issue. A counsellor who is burnt out, stressed or tired is unlikely to be in a good position to offer ongoing help to someone. Being aware of ones limits as a counsellor is very important in these regards [McLeod 2007]. Counsellor competence, ability and experience are clearly some main limitations. A counsellor will be trained and experienced in psychodynamic or couple counselling but may not be able to help with a client suffering from recurrent depression or any other psychological problem, which is why counsellors need to have a list of contact to refer the clien ts should they need to. Referral issues There are specialist agencies working in the areas of mental health, marital distress, eating disorders, sexual abuse, and many others. If the counsellor cannot help a particular individual, he may refer them on. There may be various reasons for referring on. It may emerge that someones problem would be better addressed through couple counselling or in group therapy. It may become very clear that the client wants a particular kind of therapy. The counsellor may think of a colleague whose experience and/or orientation closely matches the needs of the client. The counsellor may feel that a counsellor of the opposite sex, or someone older, or someone who can speak another language may be more appropriate for the client. For example, the client may have clear signs of an obsessive-compulsive disorder, and the counsellor may realize that medication and behaviour therapy may be appropriate for the client than psychodynamic counselling. A woman client may tell the counsellor that she is being beaten by her husband and the counsellor may suggest that she seeks a refuge. Since some people perceive counselling as a kind of befriending; the counsellor may have to refer this kind of person on to a befriending scheme. Some people, on the other hand, may be afraid of doctors and believe that counselling is what they need. The counsellor may have to encourage t hem gently to see a doctor [perhaps helping them to explore their fears but without trying to substitute for medical attention]. A client may not be able to afford services for very long and the counsellor may not offer a free counselling service [Dryden 2006]. In all of the mentioned circumstances, the client may be referred to an appropriate agency Being willing and able to refer individuals to other sources of help is an essential competence for any practitioner who is offering counselling. McLeod [2007] mentions some reasons why referral would be important the client may be referred if he or she needs more time than the counsellor is able to give or more frequent meetings; is primarily looking for practical information and advice, rather than an opportunity to talk things through; describes problems in living that the counsellor believes are beyond his or her capacity to work with; might gain a lot from making use of a specialist agency where there are practitioners available who have a wealth of knowledge and experience in relation to the type of problem the person has described; is involved in a prior relationship with the counsellor that would be incompatible with the creation of a secure and confidential counselling space [McLeod 2007]. When the counsellor is aware of his or her own particular strong feelings in the counselling situation, this may indicate feelings that the client has difficulty recognizing or dealing with, or the feelings may belong to the counsellor. The counsellor may need to work through his or her own issues and may need to refer the client on. Another reason why the client may be referred is because of avoiding dual roles and relationships. Dual relationships occur when counsellors assume two [or more] relationships simultaneously or sequentially with a client. Dual relations can be exploitative and do serious harm both to the client and to the professional. For example, becoming emotionally or sexually involved with a current client is unethical, unprofessional, and illegal. Forming dual roles and relationship is harmful as there is a potential for misusing power, exploiting the client and impairing objectivity. Therefore if the practising counsellor is in another relationship with the client, the counsellor will refer the client to another counsellor [Corey G 2009] McLeod [2007] also mentions the important aspects of referral. The key steps in the referral process, for a counsellor, are: [1] knowing what alternative resources are available; [2] engaging the person in a discussion around the possibility of seeing someone else; and [3] making the referral and managing the passing over stage. This essay has attempted to discuss some important issues in counselling and psychotherapy. The aims and purposes of counselling have been discussed including empathetic listening and its importance. The counselling environment must be safe for the client to feel comfortable in exploring and reflecting on his or her personal issues. Not only physical safety is important, psychological and emotional safety is also very important. For example, the counsellor must strive to develop a therapeutic relationship with the client based on trust, empathy, warmth and support conveying the core conditions. Limitations to the counsellor or indeed to its process is related to counsellor competence, how much is the counsellor is experienced, emotionally and educationally, to help and assist the client is a major issue. If circumstances occur when the counsellor is not competent, or the type of psychotherapy the counsellor is offering is not suited for the client the counsellor needs to refer the cl ient to an appropriate agency.

Comparing Chinese Culture in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club and Kitchen Go

Chinese Culture Exposed in Joy Luck Club and Kitchen God's Wife  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Traditional Chinese customs are described in great detail in Amy Tan's books. This rich culture adds interesting and mesmerizing detail to the intricate stories of both The Joy Luck Club and The Kitchen God's Wife.    Traditions are apparent throughout all of the stories in The Joy Luck Club. One of the first instances is in the story from Ying-Ying St. Clair entitled "The Moon Lady." Ying-Ying is describing the Festival of the Moon Lady, a festival dedicated to the lady who lives on the moon and once a year comes down to earth to grant your secret wish--something you want but cannot ask. This excerpt describes proper traditional dress (ornate clothing saved for special occasions), delicious foods such as rabbits feet and mooncakes (saved for special occasions), fireworks, and family gathered all together. This is one of the most richly detailed and culturally authentic stories in the novel.    The other story that strikes the reader as containing vivid culture and tradition is Lindo Jong's "The Red Candle." This story, like Winnie Louie's, describes in great detail the customs of arranged marriages. Lindo Jong begins by talking about the village matchmaker coming to her housewhen she was two years old. The matchmaker, Huang Taitai, looked her over and said, "An earth horse for an earth sheep. This is the best marriage combination." Lindo says that Huang Taitai looked right through her and saw that she would be a perfect wife--a strong, hard, good worker, eager to please her elders in their old age. Lindo describes what happened next:    This is how I became betrothed to Huang Taitai's son, who I later discovered was just a baby, o... ...s not considered a sufficient departure for the deceased.    Traditional Chinese customs are described in great detail in Amy Tan's books. This rich culture adds interesting and mesmerizing detail to the intricate stories of both The Joy Luck Club and The Kitchen God's Wife.    Works Cited Conrad, Tammy S. "Creating an Asian-American Mythology: Storytelling in Amy Tan's Fiction". Tammy S. Conrad's Thesis. 1998. Available:   <http://english.ttu.edu/faculty/conrad/thesis.html. Huntley, E.D. Amy Tan: A Critical Companion. Westport, CT, Greenwood Press, 1998 Tan, Amy. The Kitchen God's Wife. New York, Ballantine Books, 1991. Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. Vintage Contemporaries. New York: A Division of Random House, Inc. 1993. Wu, Shelley. "What is Chinese Astrology" Available: http://www.chineseastrology.com/wu/whatis.html

Should People in the Public Eye Expect Their Privacy to Be Respected by the Media?

Journalism is a field of work that requires an individual to balance the ethical aspects of invading another person’s privacy with getting the information they need to cover a specific story. It is becoming increasingly common to find out what a certain celebrity has said or done yesterday in today’s newspaper and magazine tabloids. Our society has become so fixated in watching and reading about others, that sometimes we forget that celebrities should have some privacy of their own. Stories in the headlines can range from what a certain celebrity orders from a fast food restaurant to information concerning a divorce settlement between couples. Every solitary move a famous individual makes in his or her life is documented in a photograph, editorial, or headline on a TV show dedicated to exposing their life. If famous celebrities cannot receive any amount of privacy, why should individuals like ourselves be guaranteed that our personal lives are not exposed to the world? Should not all human beings be able to keep certain aspects of their life personal? Journalists and photographers should realize that celebrities are human beings that would like to keep certain parts of their lives to themselves, and not have their lives consumed with photographs and editorials devoted to exposing all details of their life good or bad. The definition of public eye is people in the one, which consist of politicians, athletes, celebrities and other individuals who are famous. For my presentation we will be concentrating on the public eye and whether they should expect their privacy to be respected by the media. Media comes in various forms, with the more common ones being newspapers, tabloids, radio, paparazzi, internet, social media and many more. With the amount of attention numerous celebrities receive from the media, invading their privacy is just another part of a journalist’s job description. Such actions as going through another individual’s trash can lead to the next big headline on tomorrow’s magazine. Some journalists will ultimately dedicate their life to exposing someone else’s in magazine editorials and articles. The media is certainly abusing the rights they are given by exposing details of famous individual’s lives. Anything from celebrity scandals and breakups to private matters like divorce are always shown on TV shows featured on E News, which show the latest and most up to date stories. These shows will provide viewers with hard evidence including paper documents and photographs that depict a certain story. Stories dealing with breakups, for instance, the popular divorce between Brad Pitt and Jennifer Aniston after seven years of marriage, are sold to specific magazines for a large amount of money. Public eye privacy being invaded – a question that has been discussed over and over again in the media itself, the debate intensifying after the latest tragic break-ups by famous ex-actor and politician Arnold Schwarzenegger was caught having an internal affairs with his maid is to believed his privacy being invaded. Sought by celebrities, anonymous informers as well as ordinary citizens, privacy should be respected by members of the press – too often do journalists use techniques that show disregard for others' distress in order to â€Å"get the story†. However, in other cases, it is due to the publication of â€Å"private† details that hidden agendas and acts of corruption are brought to light. It is the amount of public interest involved that is more important in determining whether or not the press is justified in overriding privacy. The press – all members of the printed media, including newspapers, magazines, and tabloids – plays the important role of informing the public of what they need to know. This freedom of speech in the media is central to our democracy, as it means that the public's main source of information is independent of any of the authorities, and is thus more likely to present information in an unbiased manner. As stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, â€Å"Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. â€Å"It is the right to know, the publics right to access information, which allows us to keep a critical eye on our society and ensure the fair running of our country. However, another basic human right is the right to privacy â€Å"freedom from intrusion and public attention† as defined in the Oxford Dictionary. This includes privacy for the person, conversation, seclusion and personal information. That is, one should be able to lead a life without others following one all the time, eavesdropping on what one says, having one's every move under surveillance, and making public one's personal details. Such two basic human rights come into conflict when matters are to be reported in the media. What the press sees as information that ought to be made public may be considered private by the individual. 997 figures showed the privacy complaints made by both public personalities and private citizens, having tripled since 1994, stood at 9% of the total number of complaints lodged to the Press Council. Often when confronted with such accusations of intruding upon one's privacy, the journalist's defense is that it was in the â€Å"public interest†. This term, however, is rather vague. Many tend to define it as what the public is interested in – the kind of sensational news that increases circulation and sells papers. Yet this sacrifice of the individual's privacy for the entertainment of the general public is not â€Å"public interest†. In fact, it is the necessity of the public, as citizens, to have access to essential information. A great proportion of those mentioned in the media are ordinary citizens who, because of their experience of extraordinary circumstances, become significant. These people are most likely to be victims of crime or tragedy. In such cases, names, addresses, photographs and other details that would lead to the identification of the victim should not be published without consent. It is not imperative for the public to know the name of the victim because, after all, stories reported in the media are often far removed from the readers' daily lives that the name is of no more interest to them than a piece of trivia. Yet to the victim and his or her family and friends, publication of the name could mean embarrassment, harassment or even death threats from the criminal. In conclusion, the most basic form to freedom of expression and encourages the journalists to have public responsibilities as an honest and efficient journalist that respects the rights of others. The 8th code of ethics in MEAA is to ‘use fair, responsible and honest means to obtain material and never exploit a person’s vulnerability or ignorance of media practice’, meanwhile the 11th code of to ‘respect private grief and personal privacy. But again, it does actually depend on what situation that the public eyes are going through. Is it bad or good thing that journalism should report a story regarding on their private life or its just counted as an entertainment values as in the public interest that will do the rating of a certain story to put in the tabloids.

The eNotes Blog If These Cave Walls CouldTalk

If These Cave Walls CouldTalk Linguists have unlocked the key to what our ancient ancestors may have sounded like, and it sounds pretty amazing.   Did you know that 6,500 years ago English and Farsi were the same language? Hows that for world unity. From there, the language morphed into the single descendant of all modern Indo-European languages: PIE (which stands for Proto-Indo-European). Since recording equipment was sparse 4,500 years ago and PIE left no written texts, nobody has ever known what the language might have sounded like. Until now, that is. Below is a recording of a fable, The Sheep and Horses, read in what linguists believe to be an accurate reconstruction of PIE. The journey to this recording began with German linguist August Schleicher in 1868. Schleicher used reconstructed Proto-Indo-European vocabulary to create a fable in order to hear some approximation of PIE. Called â€Å"The Sheep and the Horses,† and also known today as Schleicher’s Fable, the short parable tells the story of a shorn sheep who encounters a group of unpleasant horses (Archaeology magazine). The above recording is the most recently updated version of this fable, which has been slightly altered over the years to reflect linguists most informed ideas of how humans might have sounded more than six milennia before our time. The reading comes courtesy of Andrew Byrd, a linguist at the University of Kentucky. For your amusement, here are the English and PIE transcriptions of the now infamous Schleichers Fable: The Sheep and the Horses A sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses. The horses said: Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool. Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain. H2à ³uÃŒ ¯is h1à ©Ã¡ ¸ ±uÃŒ ¯Ã… s-kwe h2uÃŒ ¯eiÃŒ ¯ h1iÃŒ ¯osmà ©iÃŒ ¯ h2uÃŒ ¯lÃŒ ¥h1nh2  nà © h1à ©st, sà ³ h1à ©Ã¡ ¸ ±uÃŒ ¯oms derá ¸ ±t. sà ³ gwrÃŒ ¥hxà ºm uÃŒ ¯Ãƒ ³Ã‡ µhom uÃŒ ¯eÇ µhed; sà ³ mà ©Ã‡ µh2mÃŒ ¥ bhà ³rom; sà ³ dhÇ µhà ©monmÃŒ ¥ h2á ¹â€œÃ¡ ¸ ±u bhered. h2à ³uÃŒ ¯is h1à ©kwoiÃŒ ¯bhiÃŒ ¯os uÃŒ ¯euÃŒ ¯ked: â€Å"dhÇ µhà ©monmÃŒ ¥ spà ©Ã¡ ¸ ±iÃŒ ¯oh2  h1à ©Ã¡ ¸ ±uÃŒ ¯oms-kwe h2Ç µeti, á ¸ ±Ã¡ ¸â€"r moiÃŒ ¯ aghnutor†. h1à ©Ã¡ ¸ ±uÃŒ ¯Ã… s tu uÃŒ ¯euÃŒ ¯kond: â€Å"á ¸ ±ludhà ­, h2ouÃŒ ¯eiÃŒ ¯! tà ³d spà ©Ã¡ ¸ ±iÃŒ ¯omes, nÃŒ ¥smà ©iÃŒ ¯ aghnutà ³r á ¸ ±Ã¡ ¸â€"r: dhÇ µhà ©mÃ… , pà ³tis, sÄ“ h2uÃŒ ¯iÃŒ ¯es h2uÃŒ ¯lÃŒ ¥h1nh2  gwhà ©rmom uÃŒ ¯Ãƒ ©strom uÃŒ ¯ept, h2uÃŒ ¯ibhiÃŒ ¯os tu h2uÃŒ ¯lÃŒ ¥h1nh2  nà © h1esti. tà ³d á ¸ ±eá ¸ ±luuÃŒ ¯Ã¡ ¹â€œs h2à ³uÃŒ ¯is h2aÇ µrà ³m bhuged. And you thought Spanish was hard For another cool recording of PIE check out this article from Archaeology magazine.

What Is a High School Exit Exam How Do You Pass

What Is a High School Exit Exam How Do You Pass SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Many states use high school exit exams as a means of maintaining graduation standards across public high schools. In these states, exitexams are required for all public school students, and you must pass them to earn your high school diploma. It may sound scary, but they're really not all that bad. In this article, I'll go into detail on what exit exams are, what they're like, and how to make sure you pass! What Is a High School Exit Exam? A high school exit exam is a test that you must pass to receive your high school diploma.These exams typically includea math section as well as an English language arts section that incorporates reading and writing skills.Some include science and social studies sections as well.Sometimes states have a series of standardized exams administered throughout high school rather than just one.These are often called â€Å"end-of-course exams† because students are required to take them upon completion of specific high school courses in various core subjects. There are some states that require students to pass a set of end-of-course exams in addition to a comprehensive exit exam. Exit exams are popular because they provide proof that a state's high school students are meeting basic educational standards. On a school-by-school basis, they are also sources of information about the quality of education at different high schools. Exit exam results can inform educational policy decisions at the state and national level. Of course, there are those who dispute the merits of exit exams, arguing that they impose unnecessary stress on students and are essentially meaningless assessments. These detractors might make some good points about the dangers of placing too much value on exit exams, but most students still have to come to terms with the realities of testing requirements. Twenty-four states administered exit exams for the Class of 2014, but policies change from year to year.Some of these states plan on eliminating their exit exam requirements (like California, which recently suspended its administration of exit exams), whileother states plan on adding exit exams to their educational policy in the next couple of years.With the recent implementation of new Common Core Standards, there are lots of changes happening with these tests.Many states are moving towards making exit examsmore challenging to align with new curriculum benchmarks. Alas, the sun has set on the California high school exit exam (or CAHSEE). How Do Most States Administer These Exams? Each state has its own assessment system, and tests may be administered earlier or later in high school depending on the state.As an example, Texas requires students to pass two types of exit exams. The first is the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS), taken in 11th grade. There is alsothe State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR), which is a set of end-of-course exams taken at various times depending on when a student finishes a course.The TAKS has sections testing language arts, math, science and social studies.The STAAR includes tests in the following subjects: English 1, 2, and 3; Algebra 1, Geometry, and Algebra 2; Biology, Chemistry, and Physics; World History, US History, and World Geography. Another example is Massachusetts, which has fewer requirements than Texas.Students are expected to pass the Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System (MCAS) test in English language arts and math in 10th grade.Students are also required to take one end-of-course exam in biology, chemistry, introductory physics, or technology/engineering in either 9th or 10th grade.Most of these states have basic exit exams that cover math and language arts, but many of them also add end-of-course exams in other core subjects as requirements for students.I’ll discuss general exit exams in the next section (math, reading, and writing tests) that are common across all of these states. Lovely Boston, Massachusetts, proud home of the MCAS (and PrepScholar). Is It Hard to Pass an Exit Exam? Typically, high school exit exams are not very demanding tests.In most states, 80-90% of all students pass these exams.In one analysis of exit exams in Florida, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Ohio, and Texas, it was found that the tests mostly covered material in math and language arts that students should have learned in 7th through 9th grade.Passing cutoffs are also very forgiving. You shouldn’t worry too much about your state's testif you’ve been doing well in high school.Unless you’re in the lowest 5-10% of students in your class GPA-wise, it’s highly unlikely that you will fail your exit exam. I’ll give a quick overview of what the material is like and why an exit exam isrelatively easy to pass. For math, you’ll need to know basic algebra and geometry.Most of the questions on the math sections of these tests ask you to perform a certain operation rather than challenging you to develop your own mathematical model to solve a problem.This can vary slightly across states, but, in general, the math skills required to pass are not at the more advanced level that many students reach by the end of high school. For the reading components of these exams, the focus is on basic reading comprehension, including the understanding of main ideas, vocabulary, and details in a passage. Exit exams tend tohave very few questions that require deep analysis (which is troubling considering how important this skill is for college!).For the most part, questions test lower-level reading skills like making basic inferences and recalling information from the passages.Passages typically consist of both literary and informational texts that are written at an accessible level for the majority of high school students. In the study mentioned above, across the different states, the difficulty of reading material on exit exams was roughly equivalent to that of the material on the ACT’s assessment for 8th and 9th graders.Some of it was at the same level as the 10th grade ACT assessment, but none of the questions were on par with the material tested on the real ACT. Separate writing sections are also a component of exit exams in certain states.Some states choose to assess writing skills purely by giving students an essay prompt and grading them on their responses.Many also include multiple choice questions that test basic skills in grammar and sentence structure alongside the essay requirement. Exit exams can be a hassle, but they shouldn’t stress you out if you’re doing all right in your classes.They are far less challenging than standardized tests like the SAT and ACT, and the passing cutoffs are generous. Much more generous than these cutoffs, I'll tell ya that much. What Happens If I Don’t Pass My Exit Exam? Different states have different policies for students who fail these exams.Sometimes, students are allowed to submit high school â€Å"portfolios† of their work in place of a passing score on the exam.In the majority of states, remedial instruction is offered to students who fail the exams along with retesting opportunities.Remedial classes may be held during the school day or in the summer.In most cases, students will have up to four chances to retake the test. If you're curious about the options you have if you fail your exit exam, ask a guidance counselor or teacher how your school handles these situations. How Can I Make Sure That I Pass My Exit Exam? The best way to ensure a passing score on your exit exam is to stay on top of things in your core high school classes.If you’re performing at an average level or higher (B average or greater) you should have absolutely no problem passing the exam without any preparation. If you’re worried that you’ve forgotten some of the skills that will be tested, you can always go back and review material from previous classes. For example, you might want to revisit certain algebra and geometry concepts that you learned earlier in high school.You could look over common geometrical terms and formulassince questions about how to find angle measurements within triangles and how to calculate the distance between two points (the distance formula) are common.Topics in algebra such as the properties of exponents, factoring, and properties of functions also show up on these tests. You can take a high school exit exam practice test anddo practice questions online for most of the state assessments. Ask a teacher or academic advisor for information on practice materials for your state assessment.This will help you to get a better sense of what the tests are like and how worried you should be about them.If you’re concerned about the reading and writing sections, you could try writing a practice essay based on an old prompt and doing official practice reading questions.This will help you get more familiar with the types of passages that are on the test and know how tostructure your workflow for the essay. You can practice reading the passages more efficiently if you tend to run out of time, but keep in mind that you don’t need to earn a perfect score.Unless the questions make you feel completely lost, you will probably pass your state's exit exam! As long as you have a basic sense of direction, you won't get lost. What's Next? Already thinking about your college prospects? Find out which year of high school is most important to colleges in the application process. If you're concerned about your current GPA, read my strategy guide for some pointers on how to improve. If you're working on figuring out your schedule, read this article for some advice on which high school classes you should take. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: